Chapter III:    The Claims

1.1     The application must contain "one or more claims".

1.2     These must:  

 (i) "define the matter for which protection is sought";  

 (ii) "be clear and concise";  

 (iii) "be supported by the description".

1.3     Since the terms of the claims determine the extent of the protection conferred by a Philippine patent or application, clarity of claim is of the utmost importance.  The claims do not, however, stand in isolation and are not to be interpreted in a strictly literal sense. For a full understanding of how claims should be interpreted it is necessary to refer to Sec.75 (see also III, 4.1 – 4.3 here below), which specifies

 -   that the extent of protection conferred by the patent shall be determined
      by the claims, which are to be interpreted in the light of the description and
      drawings, and

-          that, for the purpose of determining the extent of protection conferred by the patent, due account shall be taken of elements which are equivalent to the elements expressed in the claims, so that a claim shall be considered to cover not only all the elements as expressed therein, but also equivalents. 

A generally accepted approach is to interpret the claims having regard to the description and any drawings in such a way that fair protection to the patentee for his contribution to the art is combined with a reasonable degree of certainty for third parties. Thus the area of protection should not, in one extreme be interpreted as that defined by the strict literal meaning of the wording of the claims with the description and drawings being used only to resolve any ambiguity in the claims, nor in the other extreme, as what might be deduced from the description and drawings by a person skilled in the art, with the claims serving only as guide.

2.1     The claims must be drafted in terms of the "technical features of the invention". This means that claims should not contain any statements relating, for example, to commercial advantages or other non-technical matters, but statements of purpose should be allowed if they assist in

defining the invention. It is not necessary that every feature should be expressed in terms of a structural limitation. Functional limitations may be 

included provided that a person skilled in the art  would have no difficulty in providing some means of performing this function without exercising inventive skill. Claims to the use of the invention in the sense of the technical application thereof are allowable.

2.2     Rule 416 (a) and (b) defines the two-part form which a claim should adopt “wherever appropriate”. The first part or preamble should contain a statement indicating "the designation of the subject-matter of the invention" i.e. the category or general technical class of apparatus, product, process, use etc., to which the invention relates, followed by a statement of  "those technical features which are necessary for the definition of the claimed subject-matter but which, in combination, are part of the prior art". This statement of prior art features is applicable only to independent claims and not to dependent claims (see III, 3.5 here below). It is clear from the wording of R.416 that it is necessary only to refer to those prior art features which are relevant to the invention. For example, if the invention relates to a photographic camera but the inventive step relates entirely to the shutter, it would be sufficient for the first part of the claim to read: "A photographic camera including a focal plane shutter" and there is no need to refer also to the other known features of a camera  such as the lens and view-finder. The second part or "characterising portion" should state the "technical features which, in combination with the features stated in sub-paragraph (a) (the first part), it is desired to protect" i.e. the features which the invention adds to the prior art. If a single document in the state of the art according to Sec. 24.1, e.g. cited in the search report, reveals that one or more features in the second part of the claim were already known in combination with all the features in the first part of the claim and in that combination have the same effect as they have in the full combination according to the invention, the examiner should require that such feature or features be transferred to the first part. Where however a claim relates to a novel combination, and where the division of the features of the claim between the prior art part and the characterising part could be made in more than one way without inaccuracy, the applicant should not be pressed, unless there are very substantial reasons, to adopt a different division of the features from that which he has chosen, if his version is not incorrect.  

2.3   Subject to what is stated in paragraph 2.3b here below, final sentence, the applicant should be required to follow the above two-part formulation in his independent claim or claims, where, for example, it is clear that his invention resides in a distinct improvement of an old combination of parts or steps. However as is indicated by R.416, this form need be used only in “appropriate” cases. The nature of the invention may be such that this form of claim is unsuitable, e.g. because it would give a distorted or misleading picture of the invention or the prior art. Examples of the kind of invention which may require a different presentation are:

(i)      the combination of known integers of equal status, the inventive step lying solely in the combination; 

(ii)      the modification of, as distinct from addition to, a known chemical process e.g. by omitting one substance or substituting one substance for another; and 

(iii)      a complex system of functionally interrelated parts, the inventive step concerning changes in several of these or in their inter-relationships.  

In examples (i) and (ii) the two-part R.416 form of claim may be artificial and inappropriate, whilst in example (iii) it might lead to an inordinately lengthy and involved claim. Another example in which the two-part R.416 form of claim may be inappropriate is where the invention is a new chemical compound or group of compounds. It is likely also that other cases will arise in which the applicant is able to adduce convincing reasons for formulating the claim in a different form.

2.3a    There is also another special instance in which the two-part R.416 form of claim should be avoided. This is when the only relevant prior art is another Philippine patent application falling within the terms of Sec. 24.2. Such prior art should however be clearly acknowledged in the description (see II, 4.3).

R.407.1(b)

2.3b    When determining whether or not a claim is to be put in the form provided by R.416, second sentence, it is important to assess whether this form is "appropriate". In this respect, it should be borne in mind that the purpose of the two-part form of claim is to allow the reader to see clearly which features necessary for the definition of the claimed subject matter are, in combination, part of the closest prior art. If this is sufficiently clear from the indication of prior art made in the description, to meet the requirement of R.407.1(b), the two-part form of claim should not be insisted upon (see II, 4.3).

The claims, as well as the description, "may contain chemical or mathematical formulas" but not drawings. "The claims may contain tables" but "only if their subject-matter makes the use of tables desirable". In view of the use of the word "desirable" in R.418(d), the examiner performing substantive examination should not object to the use of tables in claims where this form is convenient.

Physical values shall be expressed in the units recognised in international practice, wherever appropriate in terms of the metric system using system international (SI) units. Any data not meeting this requirement must also be expressed in the units recognised in international practice. For mathematical formula, the symbols in general use shall be employed. For chemical formula the symbols, atomic weights and molecular formula in general use shall be employed. In

general, use should be made of the technical terms, signs and symbols generally accepted in the field in question.

Categories

R.201

3.1   Sec.21 of the IP-code defines a patentable invention as “any technical solution of a problem in any field of human activity which is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable”. It may be, or may relate to, a product, or process, or an improvement of any of the foregoing. The IRR classify inventions according to the following types (“statutory classes of inventions”, R.201): 

a) a useful machine;

b) a product;

c) or process or an improvement of any of the foregoing;

d) microorganism; and

e) non-biological and microbiological processes.

Inventions may be claimed using different "categories" of claims, i.e. "products, process, apparatus or use" claims. For many inventions, claims in more than one category are needed for full protection. In fact, there are only two basic kinds of claim, viz, claims to a physical entity (product, apparatus) and claims to an activity (process, use). The first basic kind of claim ("product claim") includes a substance or compositions (e.g. chemical compound or a mixture of compounds) as well as any physical entity (e.g. object, article, apparatus, machine, or system of co-operating apparatus) which is produced by man's technical skill. Examples are: "a steering mechanism incorporating an automatic feed-back circuit...” "a woven garment comprising...” "an insecticide consisting of X, Y, Z"; or "a communication system comprising a plurality of transmitting and receiving stations". The second basic kind of claim ("process claim") is applicable to all kinds of activities in which the use of some material product for effecting the process is implied; the activity may be exercised upon material products, upon energy, upon other processes (as in control processes) or upon living things (see however IV, 3.4 and 4.3). 

3.2    In addition an applicant may sometimes wish to have claims which, although worded differently, really fall within the same category and apparently have effectively the same scope. The examiner should bear in mind that the presence of such different claims might assist an applicant in obtaining full protection for his invention. Consequently, while an examiner should not allow an unnecessary proliferation of independent claims (see III, 5 concerning conciseness here below), he should not adopt an over-academic or rigid approach to the presence of a number of claims which are differently worded but apparently of similar effect.  

3.3      Subject to the conditions for unity of invention being satisfied (see III, 7 here below), R.415(b) states that an application may contain more than one independent claims in the same category "where it is not appropriate, having regard to the subject-matter of the application, to cover this subject-matter by a single claim”. This means that the examiner may allow two or more independent claims in the same category in appropriate cases  provided that there is a unifying inventive concept (Sec.38) and that the claims as a whole satisfy the requirement of Sec. 36  that they should be concise (see III, 5.1 here below). In applying this principle the examiner should have regard to the remarks made in III, 3.2 here above concerning claims of apparently similar scope. However, there are other circumstances where it may not be appropriate to cover the subject-matter of an invention by a single independent claim in a  particular category, for example, where the invention relates to an improvement in two separate but inter-related articles which may be sold separately, but each carry out the same inventive idea, such as an electric plug and socket or transmitter and receiver. As another example, for an invention concerned with electrical bridge-rectifier circuits it might be necessary to include separate independent claims to a single-phase and poly-phase arrangements incorporating such circuits since the number of circuits needed per phase is different in the two arrangements. Justification for two independent claims in the product-category may also be present in the case of an invention residing in a part of a more complex apparatus where the various parts thereof are separately manufactured, and the part and the whole apparatus may be sold separately (e.g. an incandescent body for a lamp, and the lamp provided with such a body). Further examples are where the invention resides in a group of new chemical compounds and there are a number of processes for the manufacture of such compounds.

3.4    All applications will contain one or more  "independent" claims directed to the essential features of the invention. Any such claim may be followed by one or more claims concerning "particular embodiments" of that invention. It is evident that any claim relating to a particular embodiment must effectively include also the essential features of the invention, and hence must include all the features of at least one independent claim.  

The term "particular embodiment" should be construed broadly as meaning any more specific disclosure of the invention than that set out in the main claim or claims.

3.5   Any claim which includes all the features of any other claim is termed a "dependent” claim. Such a claim must contain, if possible at the beginning, a reference to the other claim, all of whose features it includes (see, however, III, 3.7a here below for claims in different categories). 

Since a dependent claim does not by itself define all the characterising features of the subject matter which it claims, expressions such as "characterised in that" or "characterised by" are not necessary in such a

claim but are  nevertheless permissible. A claim defining further particulars of an invention may include all the features of another dependent claim and should then refer back to that claim. Also, in some cases a dependent claim may define a particular feature or features which may appropriately be added to more than one previous claim (independent or dependent). It follows that there are several possibilities: a dependent claim may refer back to one or more independent claims, to one or more dependent claims, or to both independent and dependent claims. 

3.5a    According to R.415(c), any dependent claim which refers to more than one other claim (“multiple dependent claim”) shall refer to such other claims in the alternative only.  A multiple dependent claim shall not serve as a basis for any other multiple dependent claim.  Claims in dependent form shall be construed to include all the limitations of the claims incorporated by reference into the dependent claim.  A multiple dependent claim shall be construed to incorporate by reference all the limitations of each of the particular claims in relation to which it is being considered. 

3.6   All dependent claims, however referred back, must be grouped together to the extent and in the most appropriate way possible. The arrangement must therefore be  one which enables the association of related claims to be readily determined and their meaning in association to be readily construed. The examiner should object if the arrangement of claims is such as to create obscurity (Sec.36.1) in the definition of the subject-matter  to be protected. In general, however, when the corresponding independent claim is allowable, the examiner should not concern himself unduly with the subject-matter of dependent claims, provided he is satisfied that they are truly dependent and thus in no way extend the scope of protection of the invention defined in the corresponding independent claim (see III, 3.7a here below).

3.6a  If the two-part form is used for the independent claim(s), dependent claims may relate to further details of features not only of the characterising portion but also of the preamble.  

3.7  A claim, whether independent or dependent, can refer to alternatives provided those alternatives are of a similar nature and can fairly be substituted one for another and provided also that the number and presentation of alternatives in a single claim does not  make the claim obscure or difficult to construe (see also III, 7.4 here below).  

3.7a     A claim may also contain a reference to another claim even if it is not a dependent claim as defined in R.415(c). One example of this is a claim referring to a claim of different category (e.g. "Apparatus for  

carrying out the process of claim 1...", or "Process for the manufacture of the product of claim 1..."). Similarly, in a situation like the plug and socket example of III, 3.3 here above, a claim to the one part referring to the other co-operating part (e.g. "plug for cooperation with the socket of claim 1...") is not a dependent claim.

References from one claim to another may also occur where alternative features which may be substituted for one another are claimed in separate claims. Thus there may be a first independent claim 1 for a machine including, inter alia, a feature X followed by further claims for alternatives such as "A machine according to claim 1 modified in that feature X is replaced by feature Y". In all these examples, the examiner should carefully consider the extent to which the claim containing the reference necessarily involves the features of the claim referred to and the extent to which it does not. In the case of a claim for a process which results in the product of a product claim or a claim for the use of that product, if the product claim is patentable then no separate examination for the obviousness of the process or use claim is necessary (see IV, 9.5a). In all other instances, the patentability of the claim referred to does not necessarily imply the patentability of the independent claim containing the reference.

4.1    The requirement that each claim shall be clear applies to individual claims and also to the claims as a whole. The clarity of the claims is of the utmost importance in view of their function in defining the matter for which protection is sought. In view of the differences in the scope of protection (Sec.75) which may be attached to the various categories of claims, the examiner should ensure that the wording of a claim leaves no doubt as to its  category (process, apparatus, product, use).  

4.2   Each claim should be read giving the words the meaning and scope which they normally have in the relevant art, unless in particular cases the description gives the words a special meaning, by explicit definition or otherwise. Moreover, if such a special meaning applies, the examiner should, so far as possible, require the claim to be amended whereby the meaning is clear from the wording of the claim alone. The claim should also be read with an attempt to make technical sense out of it. Such a reading may involve a departure from the strict literal meaning of the wording of the claims.

The terminologies used in the claims and the description have to be consistent with each other.

Sec.75
Sec.36.1
R.415(d)
R.918

4.3   Any inconsistency between the description and the claims should be avoided if having regard to Sec. 75, it may throw doubt on the extent of protection and  therefore render the claim unclear (Sec.36.1). Such inconsistency can be of the following kinds:

 (i) Simple verbal inconsistency.  

For example, there is a statement in the description which suggests that the invention is limited to a particular feature but the claims are not so limited; also, the description places no particular emphasis on this feature and there is no reason for believing that the feature is essential for the performance of the invention. In such a case the inconsistency can be removed either by broadening the description or by limiting the claims. Similarly, if the claims are more limited than the description, the claims may be broadened or the description may be limited.  

 (ii) Inconsistency regarding apparently essential features.  

For example, it may appear, either from general technical knowledge or from what is stated or implied in the description, that a certain described technical feature not mentioned in an independent claim is essential to the performance of the invention, or in other words is necessary for the solution of the problem to which the invention relates. In such a case the claim is unclear (Sec. 36.1), because an independent claim must not only be comprehensible from a technical point of view but it must also define clearly the object of the invention, that is to say indicate all the essential features thereof. If, in response to this objection, the applicant shows convincingly, e.g. by means of additional documents or other evidence, that the feature is not in fact essential, he may be allowed to retain the unamended claim and, where necessary, to amend the description instead. The opposite situation in which an independent claim includes features which do not seem essential for the performance of the invention is not objectionable. This is a matter of the applicant 's choice. The examiner should therefore not suggest that a claim be broadened by the omission of apparently inessential features.  

 (iii) Part of the subject-matter of the description and/or drawings is not covered by the claims.  

For example, the claims all specify an electric circuit employing semi-conductor devices but one of the embodiments in the description and drawings employs electronic tubes instead. In such a case, the inconsistency can normally be removed either by broadening the claims (assuming that the description and drawings as a whole provide adequate support for such broadening) or by removing the "excess" subject-matter from the description and  drawings. However if examples in the description and/or drawings which are not covered by the claims, are presented, not as embodiments of the invention, but as background art or examples which are useful for understanding the invention, the retention of these examples may be allowed.

4.3a     General statements in the description which imply that the extent of protection may be expanded in some vague and not precisely defined way should be objected to. In particular,  objection should be raised to

any statement which refers to the extent of protection being expanded to cover the "spirit" of the invention; objection should likewise be raised, in the case where the claims are directed to a combination of features, to any statement which seems to imply that protection is nevertheless sought not only for the combination as a whole but also for individual features or sub-combinations thereof.

R.415(a)(b)
R.416(a)

4.4     An independent claim should specify clearly all of the essential features needed to define the invention except in so far as such features are implied by the generic terms used, e.g. a claim to a "bicycle" does not need to mention the presence of wheels. If a  claim is to a process for producing the product of the invention, then the process as claimed should be one which, when carried out in a manner which would seem reasonable to a person skilled in the art, necessarily has as its end result that particular product;  otherwise there is an internal inconsistency and therefore lack of clarity in the claim. In the case of a product claim, if the product is of a well-known kind and the invention lies in modifying it in certain respects, it is sufficient if the claim clearly identifies the product  and specifies what is modified and in what way. Similar considerations apply to claims for apparatus.

Where patentability depends on a technical effect, the claim must be so drafted as to include all the technical features of the invention which are necessary for obtaining this technical effect and therefore essential.

4.5     Relative or similar term such as "thin", "wide" or "strong" in a claim may render the scope of the claim vague and uncertain and should not in general be used. However, if the term has a well-recognised meaning in the particular art, e.g. "high-frequency" in relation to an amplifier, and this is the meaning intended its use is permissible. Where the term has no well-recognised meaning it should be replaced by a more precise wording found elsewhere in the original disclosure. Where there is no basis in the disclosure for a clear definition, and the term is not essential having regard to the  invention, it should normally be retained in the claim, because to excise it would generally lead to an extension of the subject-matter beyond the content of the application as filed - in contravention of the proviso in Sec. 49. However an unclear term cannot be allowed in a claim if  the term is essential having regard to the invention. Equally, an unclear term cannot be used by the applicant to distinguish his invention from the prior art.

4.5a   Particular attention is required whenever the word "about" or similar terms such as "approximately" are used. Such a word may be applied, for example, to a particular value (e.g. "about 200°C") or to a range (e.g. "about x to about y"). In each case, the examiner should use his judgement as to whether the meaning is sufficiently clear in the context of the application read as a whole. However, the word can only be permitted if its presence does not prevent the invention from being unambiguously distinguished from the prior art with respect to novelty and inventive step.

4.5b   The use of trade marks, trade names, proper names and similar expressions in claims should not be allowed unless their use is unavoidable; they may be allowed exceptionally if they are generally recognised  as having a precise meaning (see also II, 4.16 and 4.17). They may be used exceptionally if their use is unavoidable and they are generally recognised as having a precise meaning.

4.6   Expressions, like "preferably", "for example", "such as" or "more particularly" should be looked at carefully to ensure that they do not introduce ambiguity. Expressions of this kind have no limiting effect on the scope of a claim; that is to say, the feature following any such expression is to be regarded as entirely optional.

4.7   The monopoly defined by the claims must be as precise as the invention allows. As a general rule, claims which attempt to define the invention or a feature thereof by a result to be achieved should not be allowed, in particular if they only amount to claiming the underlying technical  problem. However, they may be allowed if the invention either can only be defined in such terms or cannot otherwise be defined more precisely without unduly restricting the scope of the claims and if the result is one which can be directly and positively verified by tests or procedures adequately specified in the description and involving nothing more than trial and error or known to the person skilled in the art and which do not require undue experimentation. For example, the invention may relate to an ashtray in which a smouldering cigarette end will be automatically extinguished due to the shape and relative dimensions of the ashtray. The latter may vary considerably in a manner difficult to define whilst still providing the desired effect (for functional features see III, 2.1 and 6.5). So long as the claim specifies the construction and shape of the ashtray as clearly as possible, it may define the relative dimensions by reference to the result to be achieved, provided that the specification includes adequate directions to enable the reader to determine the required dimensions by routine test procedures not involving ingenuity. However claims of this kind are generally undesirable and should be allowed only when the invention does not admit of precise definition independently of the result achieved. Any claim which includes a subordinate clause prefaced by words such as “so that” or “the arrangement being such that” requires special consideration from this point of view.

4.7a  Where the invention relates to a product, e.g. a chemical compound,  it may be defined in a claim in various ways, viz., by its chemical formula, as a product of a process (if no clearer definition is possible) or exceptionally by its parameters.

Parameters are characteristic values, which may be values of directly measurable properties (e.g. the melting point of a substance, the flexural strength of a steel, the resistance of an electrical conductor) or may be defined as more or less complicated mathematical combinations of several variables in the form of formulae.

Characterisation of a product, i.e. a chemical compound, solely by its parameters should, as a general rule, not be allowed. It may however be allowable in those cases where the invention cannot be adequately defined in any other way, i.e. independently of the result to be achieved,  provided that those parameters are usual in the art and can be clearly and reliably determined either by indications in the description or by objective procedures which are usual in the art. This can arise, e g. in the case of macromolecular chains. The same applies to a process related feature which is defined by parameters.

Whether the methods of and the means for measuring the parameters need also to be in the claims is treated in III, 4.10 here below.

Cases in which unusual parameters or a non-accessible  apparatus for measuring the parameter(s) are employed should be closely examined, as they might disguise lack of novelty (see IV, 7.5).

4.7b   Claims for products defined in terms of a process of manufacture are admissible only if the products as such fulfil the requirements for patentability, i.e. inter alia that they are new and inventive. A product is not rendered novel merely by the fact that it is produced by means of a new process. A claim defining a product in terms of a process is to be construed as a claim to the product as such and the claim should preferably take the form "Product X obtainable by process Y", or any wording equivalent thereto, rather than "Product X obtained by process Y".

Concerning the protection afforded by process claims see Sec.78.

4.8   If a claim commences with such words as: "Apparatus for carrying out the process etc..." this must be construed as meaning merely apparatus suitable for carrying out the process. Apparatus which otherwise possessed all of the features specified in the claims, but which would be unsuitable for the stated purpose, or which would require modification to enable it to be so used, should not normally be considered as anticipating the claim. Similar considerations apply to a claim for a product for a particular use. For example, if a claim refers to a "mould for molten steel", this implies certain limitations for the mould. Therefore a plastic ice cube tray with a melting point much lower than that of steel would not come within the claim. Or for example if a claim refers to "A hook for a construction site crane" this implies e.g. particular dimensions and strength in the hook. Therefore a “fish-hook for catching small fish” could never anticipate the claim, but a hook having the necessary dimensions and strength and possessing all the other features specified in the claim would deprive the claim of novelty whether it was stated to be for use in a crane or not. Similarly, a claim to a substance or composition for a particular use should be  construed as meaning a substance or composition which is in fact suitable for the stated use; a known product which prima facie is the same as the substance or composition defined in the claim, but which is in a form which would

render it unsuitable for the stated  use, would not deprive the claim of novelty, but if the known product is in a form in which it is in fact suitable for the stated use, though it has never been described for that use, it would deprive the claim of novelty.

An exception to this general principle of interpretation is provided by Sec. 22.3 which allows a claim to a known product (substance) or composition where the claim is to a known product (substance) or composition for use in a surgical, therapeutic or diagnostic method, provided that its use in any such method is not comprised in or rendered obvious by the prior art. 

4.8a     Where a claim in respect of a physical entity (product, apparatus) seeks to define the invention by reference to features relating to the entity's use, a lack of clarity can result. This is particularly the case where the claim not only defines the entity itself but also specifies its relationship to a second entity which is not part of the claimed entity (for example, a cylinder head for an engine, where the former is defined by features of its location in the latter). Before considering a restriction to the combination of the two entities, it should always be remembered that the applicant is normally entitled to independent protection of the first entity per se, even if it was initially defined by its relationship to the second entity. Since the first entity can often be produced and marketed independently of the second entity, it will usually be possible to obtain independent protection by wording the claims appropriately (for example, by substituting "connectable" for "connected"). If it is not possible to give a clear definition of the first entity per se, then the claim should be directed to a combination of the first and second entities (for example, "engine with a cylinder head" or "engine comprising a cylinder head").  

It may also be allowable to define the dimensions and/or shape of a first entity in an independent claim by general reference to the dimensions and/or corresponding shape of a second entity which is not part of the claimed first entity but is related to it through use. This particularly applies where the size of the second entity is in some way standardised (for example, in the case of a mounting bracket for a vehicle number-plate, where the bracket frame and fixing elements are defined in relation to the outer shape of the number-plate). However, references to second entities which cannot be seen as subject to standardisation may also be sufficiently clear in cases where the skilled person would have little difficulty in inferring the resultant restriction of the scope of protection for the first entity (for example, in the case of a covering sheet for an agricultural round bale, where the length and breadth of the covering sheet and how it is folded are defined by reference to the bale's circumference, width and diameter). It is neither necessary for such claims to contain the exact dimensions of the second entity, nor do they have to refer to a combination of the first and second entities. Specifying the length, width and/or height of the first entity without reference to the second would lead to an unwarranted restriction of the scope of protection.  

4.8b   To avoid ambiguity, particular care should be exercised when assessing claims which employ the word "in" to define a relationship between different physical entities (product, apparatus), or between entities and activities (process, use), or between different activities. Examples of claims worded in this way include the following:  

  (i)        cylinder head in a four-stroke engine  

(ii)                In a telephone apparatus with an automatic dialer, dial tone detector and feature controller, the dial tone detector comprising ...

(iii)               In a process using an electrode feeding means of an arc-welding apparatus, a method for controlling the arc welding current and voltage comprising the following steps:...  

  (iv)      In a process/system/apparatus ... the improvement consists of ...  

In examples (i) to (iii) the emphasis is on the fully functioning sub-units (cylinder head, dial tone detector, method for controlling the arc welding current and voltage) rather than the complete unit within which the sub-unit is contained (four-stroke engine, telephone, process). This can make it unclear whether the protection sought is limited to the sub-unit per se, or whether the unit as a whole is to be protected. For the sake of clarity, claims of this kind should be directed either to "a unit with (or comprising) a sub-unit" (e.g., "four-stroke engine with a cylinder head"), or to the sub-unit per se, specifying its purpose (for example, "cylinder head for a four-stroke engine"). The latter course may be followed only at the applicant's express wish and only if there is a basis for it in the application as filed, in accordance with the proviso of Sec.49. 

With claims of the type indicated by example (iv), the use of the word "in" sometimes makes it unclear whether protection is sought for the improvement only or for all the features defined in the claim. Here, too, it is essential to ensure that the wording is clear.  

However, claims such as "use of a substance ... as an anticorrosive ingredient in a paint or lacquer composition" are acceptable on the basis of second non-medical use (see IV, 7.6, second paragraph).

4.9     For the purposes of examination, a "use" claim of a form such as "the use of substance X as an insecticide" should be regarded as equivalent to a "process" claim of the form "a process of killing insects using substance X". Thus a claim of the form indicated should not be interpreted as directed to the substance X recognisable (e.g. by further additives) as intended for use of an insecticide. Similarly, a claim for "the use of a transistor in an amplifying circuit" would be equivalent to a process claim for the process of amplifying using a circuit containing the transistor and should not be interpreted as being directed to "an amplifying circuit in which the transistor is used", nor to "the process of using the transistor in building such a circuit".  

4.9a     A claim to an apparatus or substance “when used in” a particular process should be construed as a claim confined to the use of the apparatus or substance in such a process, and its novelty is therefore destroyed only by a disclosure to such use. Preferably, the claims wording should be amended to read “Use of the apparatus/substance for/in ...(process features)...”. If the apparatus or substance per se is known to be old, this fact should be acknowledged in the description in order to ensure that the nature of the invention in its proper perspective.

4.10   The claims must not, in respect of the technical features of the invention, rely on references to the description or drawings "except where absolutely necessary". In particular they must not normally rely on such references as "as described in  part... of the description", or "as illustrated in Figure 2 of the drawings", or substantially as described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings”. A claim containing the latter phrase is known as an omnibus claim. The emphatic wording of the excepting clause precluding such references should be noted. The onus is upon the applicant to show that it is "absolutely necessary" to rely on reference to the description or drawings in appropriate cases. An example of an allowable exception would be that in which the invention involved some peculiar shape, illustrated in the drawings, but which could not be readily defined either in words or by a simple mathematical formula. Another special case is that in which the invention relates to chemical products some of whose features can be defined only by means of graphs or diagrams.  

A further special case is where the invention is characterised by parameters. Provided that the conditions for defining the invention in this way are met (see III, 4.7a here above), then the definition of the invention should appear completely in the claim itself whenever this is reasonably practicable. In principle the method of measurement is necessary for the unambiguous definition of the parameter. The method of and means for measurement of the parameter values need not be in the claims when:

(a)   the description of the method is so long that its inclusion would make the claim unclear through lack of conciseness or difficult to understand; in that case the claim should include a reference to the description, in accordance with R.415(d),

(b)   a person skilled in the art would know which method to employ, e.g. because there is only one method, or because a particular method is commonly used, or

 (c)   all known methods yield the same result (within the limits of measurement accuracy).]

In all other cases the method of and means for measurement should be

included in the claims as the claims shall define the matter for which protection is sought Sec. 36.1

R.416(c)

R.413(b)

4.11   The use of references in the claims to features of the drawings is not prohibited. On the contrary, if there are drawings, and the technical features of the claims would be rendered more intelligible by relating these features to the corresponding features of the drawings (e.g. where a complete machine has been illustrated), then this should preferably be done by placing the appropriate reference signs in parentheses after the  features in the claims. This should be done in both parts of claims having the two-part form specified in R.416(a)(b). These reference signs are not, normally construed as limiting the scope of a claim, but merely act as aids to an easier understanding of the claimed invention.

However, the use of reference signs is however not always necessary in order to meet the requirements of Sec. 36. If the absence of reference signs makes it very difficult to relate a claim to the particular description, it is often possible to amend the wording of the claim as an alternative to  inserting reference signs therein. Another acceptable alternative is to put the reference signs in a corresponding statement of invention in the description.  

If text is added to reference signs in parentheses in the claims, lack of clarity can arise Sec. 36.1. Expressions such as "securing means (screw 13, nail 14)" or "valve assembly (valve seat 23, valve element 27, valve seat 28)" are not reference signs in the sense of R.416(c) but are special features, to which the last sentence of R.416(c) is not applicable. Consequently it is unclear whether the features added to the reference signs are limiting or not. Accordingly, such bracketed features are generally not permissible. However, additional references to those figures where particular reference signs are to be found, such as "(13 - Figure 3; 14 - Figure 4)", are unobjectionable.

A lack of clarity can also arise with bracketed expressions that do not include reference signs, e.g. "(concrete) moulded brick". In contrast, bracketed expressions with a generally accepted meaning are admissible, e.g. "(meth)acrylate" which is known as an abbreviation for "acrylate and methacrylate". The use of brackets in chemical or mathematical formulae is also unobjectionable.  

4.12    Generally, the subject-matter of a claim is defined by means of positive features. However, the extent of a claim may be limited by means of a "disclaimer"; in other words, an element clearly defined by technical features may be expressly excluded from the protection claimed, for example in order to meet the requirement of novelty (over a document belonging to a different technical field), or to exclude technically impossible or insufficiently disclosed subject-matter . A disclaimer may be used only when the claim's remaining subject-matter cannot be defined more clearly and concisely by means of positive features. A disclaimer is generally a way of trying to preserve the patentability of a generic claim by excluding from its scope one or more  

particular examples in the prior art. There is no standard wording or phrase in the description or claims for a disclaimer. A specific prior art may be excluded by a disclaimer even in the absence of support for the excluded matter in the original application documents. However, care should be taken that the wording of the disclaimer does not infringe the proviso of Sec. 49. For example, a disclaimer should not be accepted in case that the disclosure of a document belonging to the same technical field as the invention is to be excluded, and the inventive step for the remaining subject-matter is argued on the basis of an exclusion not originally disclosed in the application under examination. 

4.13      "Comprising" vs. "consisting"  

While in everyday language the word "comprise" may have both the meaning "include", "contain" or "comprehend" and "consist of", in drafting patent claims legal certainty normally requires it to be interpreted by the broader meaning "include", "contain" or "comprehend". On the other hand, if a claim for a chemical compound refers to it as "consisting of components A, B and C" by their proportions expressed in percentages, the presence of any additional component is excluded and therefore the percentages should add up to 100%.

Sec.36.1

5. Conciseness, number of claims  

5.1    The requirement that “each claim shall be concise” refers to the claims in their entirety as well as to the individual claims. The number of claims must be considered in relation to the nature of the invention the applicant seeks to protect. Undue repetition of wording, e.g. between one claim and another, should be avoided by the use of the dependent form. Regarding independent claims in the same category see III, 3.3 here above. As for dependent claims, while there is no objection to a reasonable number of such claims directed to particular preferred features of the invention, the examiner should object to a multiplicity of claims of a trivial nature.

Sec.36.1

6. Support in description   

6.1     Each claim must be supported by the description. This means that there must be a basis in the description for the subject-matter of every claim and that the scope of the claims must not be broader than is justified by the extent of the description and drawings.  

6.2  Most claims are generalisations from one or more particular examples. The extent of generalisation permissible is a matter which the examiner must judge in each particular case in the light of the relevant prior art. Thus an invention which opens up a whole new field is entitled to more generality in the claims than one which is concerned with  

advances in a known technology. A fair statement of claim is one which is not so broad that it goes beyond the invention nor yet so narrow as to deprive the applicant of a just reward for the disclosure of his invention. The applicant should be allowed to cover all obvious modifications, equivalents to and uses of that which he has described; after the date of filing, however, he should be allowed to do so only if this does not introduce subject-matter which goes beyond the disclosure of the initial application, i.e.  does not contravene the proviso of Sec. 49. In particular, if it is reasonable to predict that all the variants covered by the claims have the properties or uses the applicant ascribes to them in the description he should be allowed to draw his claims accordingly.

Sec.35.1
Sec.36.1

6.3   However, claims are sometimes speculative, in that their scope extends beyond the description to embrace possibilities not yet explored by the applicant, the effects of which cannot be readily predetermined or assessed and the description gives merely an indication of the full breadth of scope of the invention but no, or inadequate, directions of how to put it into practice. In this case the examiner may object that the invention in this respect is not sufficiently disclosed (Sec.35.1) and that, consequently such claims are not supported by description (Sec.36.1). 

For instance, a claim in generic form, i.e. relating to a whole class e.g. of products or machines, may be acceptable even if of broad scope, if there is a fair support in the description, and there is no reason to suppose that the invention cannot be worked through the whole of the field claimed. Where the information given appears insufficient to enable the person with ordinary skill in the art to extend the teaching of the description to parts of the field claimed, but not explicitly described by using routine methods of  experimentation or analysis, the examiner should require the applicant to satisfy him that the invention  can in fact be readily applied, on the basis of the information given, over the whole field claimed or, failing this, to restrict the claim to accord with the description.  

As a general rule, a claim should be regarded as supported by the description unless exceptionally there are well-founded reasons for believing that the skilled person would be unable, on the basis of the information given in the application as filed, to extend the  particular teaching of the description to the whole of the field claimed by using routine methods of experimentation or analysis. Support must however be of a technical character; vague statements or assertions having no technical content provide no basis. 

The examiner should raise an objection, or require further evidence, only if he has strong, well-founded reasons for believing that the description as filed provides inadequate support for that claim. It follows that in other cases the applicant should be given the benefit of the doubt. Where  

objection is raised, the reasons should preferably be supported specifically by a published document. 

6.4     The question of support is illustrated by the following examples:  

(a)    A broad claim for “a process for influencing substances by high-frequency electrical energy” may not be adequately supported by the disclosure of a single example of such an influence (e. g. removing dust from a gas) nor of influences on a single substance.  

(b)    A claim relates to a process for treating all kinds of "plant seedlings" by subjecting them to a controlled cold shock of such duration and intensity that the specified results would follow, whereas the description discloses the process applied to one kind of plant only. Since it is well known that plants vary widely in their properties, there are well-founded reasons for believing that the process is not applicable to all plant seedlings. Unless the applicant can provide convincing evidence that the process is nevertheless generally applicable, he must restrict his claim to the particular kind of plant referred to in the description. A mere assertion that the process is applicable to all plant seedlings is not sufficient.  

Such a claim might thus only be permissible if it clearly emanates from the description that the conditions set forth in relation to that plant applied to other plants generally; but otherwise the claim would not be adequately supported unless the description gave a sufficient range of examples, relating to different kind of plants, to enable a horticulturist to deduce how the process should be applied to virtually any plant.  

(c)    A claim relates to a specified method of treating "synthetic resin mouldings" to obtain certain changes in physical characteristics. All the examples described relate to thermoplastic resins and the method is such as to appear inappropriate to thermosetting resins.  

Unless the applicant can provide evidence that the method is nevertheless applicable to thermosetting resins, he must restrict his claim to thermoplastic resins.

It should be noted that, although an objection of lack of support is an objection under Sec.36.1, it can often, as in the above examples, also be considered as an objection of insufficient disclosure of the invention under Sec.35, the objection being that the disclosure is insufficient to enable the skilled person to carry out the "invention" over the whole of the broad field claimed (although sufficient in respect of a narrow "invention"). Whether the objection is raised as lack of support or as insufficiency is unimportant in examination proceedings; but it is important in cancellation proceedings since there only the latter ground is available (-> Sec.61.1).

6.5     A claim may broadly define a feature in terms of its function, even

where only one example of the feature has been given in the description,

if the skilled reader would appreciate that other means could be used for the same function (see also III, 2.1 here above). For example, "terminal position detecting means" in a claim might be supported by a single example comprising a limit switch, it being obvious to the skilled person that e.g. a photoelectric cell or a strain gauge could be used instead. In general, however, if the entire contents of the application are such as to convey the impression that a function is to be carried out in a particular way, with no intimation that alternative means are envisaged, and a claim is formulated in such a way as to embrace other means, or all means, of performing the function, then objection arises. Furthermore, it may not be sufficient if the description merely states in vague terms that other means may be adopted, if it is not reasonably clear what they might be or how they might be used.

6.6    Where certain subject-matter is clearly disclosed in a claim of the application as filed, but is not mentioned anywhere in the description, it is permissible to amend the description so that it includes this subject-matter. Where the claim is dependent, it may suffice if it is mentioned in the description that the claim sets out a particular embodiment of the invention (see II, 4.5)].

7. Unity of invention  

Independent claims

Sec. 38.1
R.604(a)

7.1     The Philippine application must "relate to one invention only, or to a group of inventions forming a single general inventive concept". The second of these alternatives, i.e. the single-concept linked group, may give rise to a plurality of independent claims in the same category (as in the examples given in III, 3.3 here above), but the more usual case is a plurality of independent claims in different categories.  

The following guidelines, and in particular R.605, are consistent with internationally harmonised unity of invention practices of many patent offices. 

Concerning examples for the assessment of unity, reference is made to III, Annex 1 and to VII, 4.

R.605(b)

7.2 R.605(a) indicates how one determines whether or not the requirement of Sec. 38.1 is fulfilled when more than one invention appears to be present. The link or “single general inventive concept” between the inventions required by Sec.38.1 must be a technical relationship which finds expression in the claims in terms of the same or corresponding special technical features. The expression "special technical features" means, in any one claim, the particular technical feature or features that define a contribution that the claimed invention  

considered as a whole makes over the prior art. Once the special technical features of each invention have been identified, one must determine whether or not there is a technical relationship between the inventions and, furthermore, whether or not this relationship involves these special technical features. Moreover, it is not necessary that the special technical features in each invention be the same. R.605(a) makes it clear that the required relationship may be found between corresponding technical features. An example of this correspondence might be the following: In one claim the special technical feature which provides resilience might be a metal spring, whereas in another claim the special technical feature which provides resilience might be a block of rubber.

A plurality of independent claims in different categories may constitute a group of inventions so linked as to form a single general inventive concept.